Salem’s Jackson family fought for equality on many fronts

I had the opportunity a few weeks ago to attend a screening of the film Buffalo Soldiers Fighting on Two Fronts[1] at Willamette University. I was really inspired by the stories it told and curious, seeing the Oregon connection in the film, if there might have been Black veterans in the Salem-area with ties to the Buffalo Soldier units.[2]  I haven’t found any yet, but the search did lead me to the story of Sgt. Major John W. Jackson, his amazing and indomitable wife Caroline Woodson Jackson and Mother-in-Law Harriet Anderson Woodson, and their adopted son George Carlton Welch/Jackson.  It wasn’t the story I set out to tell, but it soon became clear to me that this family’s story was one that needed some more attention.

Sgt Major John W. Jackson

Sgt. Major John W. Jackson (1836-1892) served in the 5^th Regiment of the United States Colored Troops during the Civil War – as the name implies this was a segregated regiment made up of African American enlisted men under the charge of White officers.[3] [4] Jackson enlisted in June 1863 as a sergeant, just as the Union Army started allowing Black men to enlist.  He was promoted to Sergeant Major less than six months later.[5]  His regiment saw action in North Carolina and Virginia and was present at General Joseph E. Johnston’s surrender at the Bennett Place in Durham, North Carolina,[6] the largest and nearly last Confederate surrender of the war.[7] Surviving the war he returned home to Ohio, where he married Miss Caroline “Carrie” Woodson in 1870.[8]  The couple lived in Chillicothe for a while, John working as a clerk in a livery stable,[9] and eventually settled into farming near Caroline’s hometown of Berlin Crossroads, Ohio.[10]

Berlin Crossroads and the Woodson Family

Berlin Crossroads was a predominantly African American community established in the early 1800s. Caroline’s grandfather Thomas Woodson was one of the founders.[11]  Family tradition within the Woodson family strongly held that Woodson was a child of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemmings, although DNA evidence has proved to not support the story.[12]  As one descendant remembered, Caroline’s grandfather: “had a misunderstanding with his father so he was sent with other slaves to live away from Monticello to John Woodson’s farm. When he came of age, he received money from Jefferson or Woodson to buy a farm. Young Tom, who was never a slave, bought the freedom of his wife and children. He took the name Thomas Woodson and went to Ohio to live.”[13] Woodson travelled to California in the 1840s during which he made a very detailed map of the emigrant road from Independence, Missouri to San Francisco, California, published under the name T. H. Jefferson.[14]  In addition to the accomplishments of her grandfather, Caroline’s father, uncles and aunt were all extremely active in politics, education, and fighting for racial justice.  Berlin Crossroads was a stop on the Underground Railroad,[15] and at least Uncle Lewis Woodson (and likely more of the family) was heavily involved.  Uncle Lewis was one of the original trustees of the Wilberforce University (the U.S.’s oldest private, historically Black University owned and operated by African Americans[16]), ran for county-wide political office[17] and wrote highly influential abolitionist tracts under the pseudonym “Augustine.”[18] Aunt Sarah Jane Woodson Early became the first Black woman college instructor in the United States and Temperance movement advocate.[19]  Caroline’s Father, Rev. Thomas Woodson (Jr), died when she was very young and some sources suggest he was beaten to death because of his work promoting the abolition of slavery.[20]

Move to Oregon

Why Caroline and John decided to move to Salem, Oregon may never be known,[21] but we do know that it was something they were contemplating for a while – long enough to subscribe to the local paper.  An 1886 Oregon Statesman article reprinted a postcard that John sent to the newspaper office saying: “Please stop sending my paper here; I am coming to Oregon.”[22]  John and Caroline were joined in the move by Caroline’s long-widowed mother Harriet Anderson Woodson and her nephew who would become like a son to the pair, George Carlton Welch/Jackson.[23]

John and Caroline purchased an 18-acre farm in the Hayesville area in June 1887.  The property would be unrecognizable to them today, situated just west of the Portland Road I-5 interchange and being the land that today is roughly bounded by Claxter Rd NE to the north, Portland Road NE to the east, the railroad tracks to the west and the south end of the Claxter Park Apartments to the south.[24]  We know from newspaper records that John served as a county road supervisor for many years[25] in addition to farming.  He and Caroline were both active members of the Hayesville Farmers Club.  Adam Stephens (yes, like the Middle School) was president and John served as club secretary.  Caroline is even recorded as giving a presentation on the “geological classification and origins of stones usually found in the beds of streams.”[26] We get a glimpse of life on the Hayesville farm from the inventory done at the time of John’s death.  The appraisal of the estate lists a gray mare, black horse, several plows with harnesses, feed cutter, water tank, cultivator, hay rake, 1/3 interest in an engine and woodsaw, fencing lumber, case of books, 13 cords of wood, spring wagon, garden seeder, and about 50 bushels of potatoes.[27]

Moving East

John died of pneumonia in 1892 and was buried in the Hayesville Cemetery.[28]  Despite her loss, Caroline, with support of her 82-year old mother and 7-year old adopted son kept the farm at Hayesville until 1901.[29]  The family then moved to another farm east of Salem.  Through a number of transactions, Caroline amassed a farm of 50 acres, on the south side of State Street just west of 62^nd Avenue.  The property she maintained is now comprised of several parcels at 6140 State Street and 421, 431, 541, 565, 567, and 611 62^nd Avenue and all the properties on Kiger Way SE.[30]  By all accounts Caroline was a very industrious and talented farmer.  A 1904 article noted: “Mrs. Caroline Jackson, who lives four miles east of Salem, and who brings a load of vegetables to town about twice a week, brought in yesterday a huge turnip, weighing seven and a half pounds.”[31]

In addition to farming, Caroline, Harriet and George also were active in the community and advocating for social reform.  Caroline and Harriet were at the top of the list of signers of an open letter published in the Capital Journal in 1906 advocating for women’s suffrage.  The letter urged: “In view of the fact that the Oregon Equal Suffrage association has secured by initiative petition the submission of the equal suffrage constitutional amendment to the voters at the election on June 4, we the undersigned women of Salem, Marion County, desiring political restrictions to be removed from women so that those who wish to vote and those who do not wish to vote may enjoy equal liberty according to their own convictions, do respectfully and earnestly request you to vote in favor of the equal suffrage amendment.”[32]  Harriet would not live[33] to see the passage of women’s suffrage in Oregon in 1912, but Caroline is listed as one of the first women in Marion County to sign up to vote.[34]  George is mentioned as participating in weekly debates held in the neighborhood, and is credited with winning a debate about the Temperance movement during a meeting at the Bethel school house in January 1904.[35]

Moving to town

Harriet Woodson died in 1909, and her body was returned to be buried in Ohio with the husband she had lost nearly 67 years earlier.  A loving obituary describes her as: “a woman quiet and reserved in demeanor, with exceptionally strong mental faculties, and possessed of most wonderful vitality, and will ever linger in the hearts of those who knew her both young and old.”[36]  Two years later, when she was 66-years-old, Caroline sold her farm[37] and moved into town, renting a house at 1463 N. Winter Street The house no longer stands – the current structure on the property was built in the 1950s.[38]  George went to work for the Charles K. Spaulding Logging Company, and Caroline throws her considerable energy and talents towards church work.  A large cash donation helped to build the Free Methodist Church of Salem on Market Street between Summer and Winter Streets.  A condition of the gift was that a missionary convention “be held in the new building each year as long as it is used for church purposes and that an annual collection shall be taken for foreign missionary work.”[39]  She opened her home, hosting weekly evening prayer meetings for the church for many years.[40]

When WWI broke out, George Jackson followed in his adoptive father’s footsteps and enlisted.[41]  George was one of 6,750 Black men who enlisted in the U.S. Navy to help the war effort, despite deep segregation and limited opportunities in one of four positions: coal heave, messman, steward or cook.[42]  George served as a messmate – serving food and clearing tables in the dining quarters of the ship.[43]  After the war George returned home and back to his job at the Charles K. Spaulding Logging Company.[44]

Caroline Jackson died of pneumonia at her Winter Street home in 1930 at the age of 86 and was buried alongside her husband at the Hayesville Cemetery.[45]  George eventually moved to the Aumsville area and went back to farming.  He died at Salem hospital in 1951 of a heart attack and was buried with his adopted parents at the Hayesville Cemetery.[46]

This article was written and researched by Kylie Pine.  It was published in the Statesman Journal in March 2023.  It is reproduced here for reference purposes with full citations.

Caroline Woodson Jackson’s Family Tree

Property Research

Transcription and links to various property documentation.  Presented chronologically.  Including three locations — original farm in Hayesville, farm east of Salem Caroline amassed over several years and her home on Winter in Salem.

Hayesville Farm (1887-1901)

The farm in Hayesville was purchased by Caroline and John in 1887, and sold in 1900, although Caroline included a clause whereby she was allowed to continue harvesting the land until 1901.

Marion County Indirect deed index 1886-1889 A-MA
J.W and CW Jackson from T. J. Lousignont.  Warranty Deed Executed  June 27, 1887, recorded March 20, 1888 – 34 / 700

Deed Marion County Deed Volume 34, page 700 (FamilySearch)
That I Thomas J. Lousignont, unmarried, for the consideration of the sum of eleven hundred and seventy five dollars to me paid have bargained and sold …unto John W. Jackson and Caroline W. Jackson his wife the following described premises, to wit:
Beginning 13.02 chs S 34 degrees 15 minutes West of a point in the center of the County Road leading from Salem to Aurora said point in the center of said road is 1.43 chas west of North West corner of Towner[?] Savage and wife’s donation Land Claim, thence N 34 degrees 15 minutes east along the center of the aforesaid Road six chains, thence N 54 degrees 40 minutes West following the center of a County Road 26.42 chains to an Iron stake 30 feet East of the center of the O.C. Railroad, thence S 17 degrees 30 minutes West of the Iron state, thence Easterly 24.52 chs to the place of the beginning containing 18 acres of land more or less and being a part of the Adam Stephens and Wife’s DLC situate in T 7 S R 3 w of the Willamette Meridian Marion County, Oregon.

Direct Index – Caroline W. Jackson to Horace Holden August 11, 1900, Deed Book 76 pg. 20.  Described as 18 acres being part of Adam Stevens DLC.

Marion County Deed Book 76-page 20
This indenture witnesseth, that Caroline W. Jackson (Widow) for the consideration of the sum of five hundred dollars, to her paid, have bargained, and sold and by these presents does bargain, sell and convey unto Horace Holden the following described premises to wit: Beginning 13.02 chains South 3 degrees fifteen minutes west…containing 18 acres of land more or less, and being a part of Adam Stephens and wife’s DLC situate in T7.S R 3 West of the Willamette Meridian Marion County, Oregon.

It is hereby covenanted and agreed that the Grantor Caroline W. Jackson shall have the right to remain in possession of said above described premises until the first day of January 1901. Also the right to harvest all the crops on said land.

To have and to hold the said premises with their appurtenances unto the said Horace Holden his heirs and assigns forever and the said Caroline W. Jackson does hereby covenant to  and with the said Horace Holden his heirs and assigns that she is the owner in fee simple of said premises, that they are free from all incumbrances and that she will Warrant and Defend the same form all lawful claims whatsoever.  In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 11^th day of August AD 1900 Done in the Presence of A.A. Lee/John H. McNary – Caroline W. Jackson SEAL

East Salem Farm (1900-1911)

Indirect Deed index Marion County – Caroline W. Jackson from Fred and Emma Hurst.  Witness Sept 10, 1900/Sept 26, 1900.  Volume 73 page 639

Marion County Deed Book 73 page 639

This indenture Witnesseth that Fred Hurst and Emma Hurst his wife for the consideration of the sum of Three Hundred and fifty dollars to us paid have bargained and sold and by these presents do bargain sell and convey unto Caroline W. Jackson the following described premises to wit:  Beginning on the East line of the Donation Land Claim of James Rickey and wife at a point 13.30 chains south of the North East Corner thereof, said point being in the center of the county road leading from Salem to Leon Eoff’s; Thence south on the east line of said donation land claim 10.07 Chains, thence South 53 degrees 45 minutes west 4.87 chains; thence North 15.40 chains, thence south 57 degrees east 4.68 chains to the place of beginning and containing five acres more or less.  Also commencing at the South East corner of Lot 5 in section 28, thence north 19 rods; thence West 3 rods; thence south 19 rods; thence East 3 rods to the place of beginning.  All of the above described land is situated in Township 7 south Range 2 west of the Willamette Meridian in Marion County State of Oregon.

–Corresponds to 6140 State Street (and most of  – 331 62^nd Ave SE)  Residence at 6140 is date 1917, which postdates Caroline’s time there…. If accurate.

Indirect deed index  CW Jackson from William and F.A. Roberts W 3 July 1910 1.32 Acres T7 S Range 2 West

Marion County Deed Book 155-page 35

Indenture witnesseth that William M. Roberts and Fanny A. Roberts, his wife, for the consideration of the sum of one ($1.00) dollar to them paid have bargained sold and by these presents do bargain sell and convey unto Caroline W. Jackson the following described premises to wit.

Beginning at the South East corner of the Donation Land Claim of James Rickey and wife in Township 7 south of Range 2 west of the Willamette Meridian, Marion County, Oregon, thence north 53 degrees 30minute East 76 links to the West line of the Donation Land Claim of Nicholas Shrum and Wife, thence north 21.10 Chains along the West line of the Nicholas Shrum Claim to the line between Sections 28 and 33; Thence West 62 links to the east line of the Donation land Claim of James Rickey; thence south 21.55 chains along the east line of said claim to the place of beginning containing 1 32/100 acres of land.

Signed by Roberts 22 December 1908 – Recorded July 1910

Mortgage Record Book Marion County Oregon Volume 62 page 425

This indenture witnesseth that Caroline W. Jackson (widow) for and in the consideration of the sum of Three Thousand and No/100 Dollars to her in hand paid the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, has bargained, sold and conveyed and by these presents does bargain….to John Slough…the following described premises to wit:

Beginning on the East line of the donation land claim of James Rickey and wife, at the point 13.30 chains south of the Northeast corner thereof, said point being in the center of the County road leading from Salem to Len Eoff’s; thence South on the East line of said donation land claim 10.07 chains……the same being land formerly owned by John Leedy, and purchased from Leedy by Eric Anderson, and containing Fifty (50 acres of land, more or less.

And the Said Caroline W. Jackson does hereby covenant to and with the said John Slough his Heirs and assigns, that she is the owner in fee simple of said premises; that they are….

Salem, Oregon 17 Nov. 1909.  On or before five years after date, without grace, I promise to pay to the order of John Slough at Salem, Oregon, Three Thousand Dollars, in Gold Coin o the United State of America, of the present standard value, with interest thereon in like Gold Coin at the rate of Seven per cent per annum from date until paid, for value received.  Interest to be paid semi annual and if not so paid, the whole sum of both principal and interest to become immediately due and collectible at the option of the holder of this note.

NOTATION ON SIDE OF DOCUMENT READS SEE SATISFACTION VOLUME 69 Page 317

Direct index to Marion County Deeds:  Jackson, C.W. à Roth, G & B  Warranty deed December 10, 1912.  Volume 123 / pg. 270.  Land in T7S R2W

Deed Record:  Volume 123 page 27 Marion County  recorded 1912 Signed 1911

Indenture witnesseth that Caroline W. Jackson, (a widow) for the consideration of the sum of Fifty-six hundred and 00/100 dollars to her paid has bargained and sold and by these presents do bargain sell and convey to Gotlieb Roth and Bertha Roth, his wife, the following described premises, to-wit: beginning at the southeast corner of the Donation Land Claim of James Rickey and wife, in Township 7 South Range 2 West of the Willamette Meridian, Marion County, Oregon, running thence north on the east boundary of said claim, 16.25 chains; thence south 57 degrees 30 minutes West, 36.93 chains; thence south 16.25 chains to the south boundary of said claim; thence north 53 degrees 30 minutes East 36.93 chains to the place of beginning, being land formerly owned by John Leedy and purchased from said Leedy by Eric Anderson.

Also, beginning on the east line of said claim, at a point 13.30 chains south of the corner thereof; said point being in the center of the County road leading from Salem to Leon Eoff’s thence South on the east line of said Donation Land Claim; 10.07 chains; thence south 53 degrees 45’ West 4.87 chains; thence north 15.40 chains; thence south 57 degrees east 4.68 chains to the place of beginning, containing (5) acres more, or less.

Also commencing at the southeast corner of Lot 5, in section 28, thence north 19 rods; thence west 3 rods; thence south 19 rods; thence east 3 rods to the place of beginning; in Township 7 South, of Range 2 west of the Willamette Meridian, Marion County, State of Oregon.

Also the following described premises, to wit: beginning at the South East corner of the donation land claim of James Rickey and wife in township 7 south of range 2 west of the Willamette Meridian, Marion County, Oregon, thence north 53 degrees 30’ east 76 links to the West line of the donation Land Claim of Nicholas Shrum and wife; thence North 21.10 chains along the west line of the Nicholas Shrum Claim to the line between sections 28 and 33; thence west 62 links to the east line of the donation Land Claim of James Rickey; thence south 21.56 chains along the east line of said claim to the place of beginning and containing 1.32/100 of land in Stockes Donation Land Claim.

Signed by Jackson 5^th July 1911

Mortgage Satisfaction:  Marion County Mortgage Records Volume 69 page 317

Know All Men by these presents that I, George Palmer, Administrator of the estate of John Slough, deceased, hereby certify that I have received full and complete satisfaction of a certain mortgage executed by Caroline W. Jackson to John Slough for the sum of Three thousand dollars, recorded on the 17^th day of November 1909, on page 425 Book 62 Record of Mortgages, for Marion County, in the State of Oregon and I hereby acknowledge satisfaction of said mortgage in full and also payment in full of the note secured thereby.

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 7^th day of July AD 1911 done in the Presence of C.L. McNary, Nettie J. Miller George Palmer, Administrator of the Estate of John Slough, Deceased.

1463 Winter Street House (c.1911 – 1930)

1463 Winter Street  — new house building in 1950s See Marion County Assessor’s Records https://mcasr.co.marion.or.us/PropertySummary.aspx?pid=584660&da=true

Jackson Family Source Materials (Chronological)

John W. Jackson through 1870

1850 US Federal Census
Scioto, Ross, Ohio, USA
Robert Jackson, 30, M, Mulatto, Laborer, Virginia
Martha, 32, F, Virginia
John W., 13 M, Virginia
Mary A., 7, F, Virginia
Robert, 4, M, Ohio
Manuel, 2 M, Ohio
Frances, 78, F, Virginia
Brown, Joshua, 43, M, Black, Laborer, Virginia

1860 US Federal Census
Scioto, Ross, Ohio
Jackson, Robert, 45, M, Black, Farmer, 2000 property, Virginia
Martha, 38, F, Black, Virginia
John W., 21, Male, Black, Virginia
Robert, 12, Male, Black, virginia
Emanuel, 10, Male Black, Ohio
George W, 6, Male, Black, Ohio
Nathaniel, 8, Male, Black, Ohio
Jones, Benjamin, 15, Male, Black, Ohio
Ferguson, Deshen, 30, Female Black, Virginia
Fergusen, George, 2, Male, Black, Virginia

Caroline Woodson Jackson through 1870

1850 US Federal Census
Milton, Jackson, Ohio
Harriet Woodson, 40, VA
William, 16, farming, Ohio
Martha, 12
Charles,10
Thomas,7
Harriet, 7
Caroline, 5

1860 US Federal Census
Milton, Jackson, Ohio
Harriet Woodsen, 49, Female, Mulatto, Farming
Martha A., 22 School teacher
Charles F., 20, Farmer
Thomas, 18, Farmer
Caroline, 15, Ohio
Martha A. Anderson, 9
(Living next door to George Woodson, a couple years older than Harriet)

1863-1867 – Wilberforce College Catalog
Caroline Woodson, Gallipolis Ohio  NOT LIKELY OUR CAROLINE  *** Note there is another Caroline Woodson living in Gallipolis in the 1860 US Federal Census – living in the household of John Gee.  She is about the right age, but wrong city.  Note too that there is an Ohio Marriage Record for a Carrie H. Woodson and a Jacob Cole in 1873 – suggesting this is a different individual same name.

Maybe 1865 Pittsburg City Directory
Caroline Woodson 15 4^th Pittsburg  NOT LIKELY OUR CAROLINE – why would she be in Pittsburg

Jackson Family after 1870

1870 Franklin County, Ohio Marriage Records
July 27 1870 Marriage license granted to
John W. Jackson and Carrie Woodson
Marriage Date witnessed 28 July 1870 by Daniel A. Payne, Bishop of the AME Church

1870 US Federal Census
Chillicothe, Ross, Ohio
Fidler, Abram, 33 Male, Mulato, Keeps Livery Stable, Ohio
Sarah, 35, Keeping House, North Carolina
Curett, Mary, 12 F Black Attending School, Ohio
Barnett, Wade, 15 M Black, Attending School, Ohio
Jackson, John W., 32, Male, Mulatto, Clerks in Livery Stable, Virginia
Bunch, John, 23, Male, Black, Drives Express, Ohio
Ryan, Jefferson, 24, Male, Mulatto, Drives Express, Kentucky
Washington, Isaac, 31, Male, Black, Works in Livery Stable, South Carolina
Jackson, Caroline, 22, Female Mulato, Boarding, Ohio

1880 US Federal Census
Berlin, Jackson, Ohio, USA
John W. Jackson, 41, M, M, Farmer, Virginia, VA/VA
Carline, Mu, F, 35, Wife, Ohio, VA/VA
Woodson, Harriet, Mu, F, 69, Mother-in-Law, widowed, Virginia VA/VA
(Living next to other Woodsons)

“Coming to Oregon.” Oregon Statesman 13 April 1886 pg. 3
This office is in receipt of a postal card from J.W. Jackson, of Berlin X Roads, Jackson county, Ohio, who has been a reader of the Statesman for some time, which says: “Please stop sending my paper here; I am coming to Oregon.”

“Personal” Oregon Statesman 17 April 1886 pg. 3
J.W. Jackson has arrived in the city from Berlin X Roads, Ohio, and will make his home in Salem. He is the gentleman the STATESMAN spoke of a few days ago, as being on the way.  Hope he may meet a hearty welcome in his new home.

Real Estate Transactions Oregon Statesman 22 March 1888 pg. 3
Thomas Lousignont to J.W. Jackson and wife, 18 acres in t 7 s r 3 w 1175

Hayesville Notes. Capital Journal 11 Dec 1889 pg. 1
Re: Hayesville Farm Club… “Mr. J.W. Jackson was appointed chief editor for the next evening.  Miss Lulu Huffman, reporter.  A.S.

“Macadamizing the Roads.” Oregon Statesman 18 Jan 1890 pg. 4
The men under whose charge the work of 1890 will be performed.
The County commissioners and county judge were engaged yesterday forenoon examining reports of road supervisors and appointing new ones for the current year.   In the afternoon they went out to examine the bridge on State street….the following is a full list of the road supervisors appointed, with their post office address, which will make a very useful matter of reference during the year.  Past it in your hat and then when you are traveling over a poor piece of road you will have no trouble in ascertaining who to cuss:….12 J.W. Jackson, Salem (along with Adam Ohmart and V. Deneer and David Grierson

1890 US Federal Census veterans’ schedules

“Lost.” Oregon Statesman 30 Jul 1891 pg. 2
Lost – on the 28^th day of July 1891.  I lost a dark coat containing letters and papers bearing my name.  Said coat was lost between north Salem flouring mills and county poor farm.  Any person finding the same will confer a favor by leaving it at R.M. Wade’s hardware store, and I will pay liberally for the trouble.  J.W. Jackson.  7 / 30 1 w

“Jackson” Capital Journal 26 Feb 1892 pg. 3
At his home, north of Salem, Thursday, Feb 25, 1892 from pneumonia, J.W. Jackson.  Mr. Jackson was a well-to-do colored man, who made his home in the vicinity of Hayesville.  Funeral from the Hayesville Church Friday.

“Died.” Oregon Statesman 26 Feb 1892 pg. 4
Jackson – at his home, north of Salem, Thursday, Feb 25, 1892, from pneumonia, J.W. Jackson
Deceased was a well-to-do colored man who has made his home in the vicinity of Hayesville for several years. He was road supervisor for several terms.  The funeral will be conducted from The Hayesville Church today.

Probate.  Capital Journal 2 March 1892
…In the states of G.W. [sic] Jackson, Caroline W. Jackson, appointed administratix, and bond fixed at $4000.

Marion County Probate Case File #1331.  Oregon State Archives Accession 90A-6.  Box 76, Folder 36.  John W. Jackson
Notice posted in Salem Sentinel 29 Dec 1897 – Jan 29 1898 Final Account

Things sold to pay funeral expenses

• Single Harness 3 dollars
• Parts of old Harness 1 dollar
• 1/3 Interest in one engine and woodsaw 133.00 dollars
• Machine Oil 2.25
• Files .80
• 1 Water Tank 6.00
• 1 2-horse wagon running gear 30.00
• Fencing Lumber 15.60

Exempt Property

• 1 Gray Mare 00
• 1 Black Horse 00
• 1 Set Work Harness 00
• 1 Feed Cutter 00
• 1 Cultivator 00
• 1 Hay Rake 6.00
• 1 Single Shovel Plow and Harrow 50
• 1 Two horse Chilled Plow 00
• Household Goods 00
• Case of Books 00
• 2 cross cut saws, two iron wedges and one sledge 11.60
• 1 combined garden seeder 00
• Potatoes supposed to be about 50 bushels 00
• 13 cords wood 00
• 1 spring wagon 00
• 1 spring wagon seat 50

Expenses paid for estate

• Printing notices
• Stumpage for RR Wood
• Taxes 1892-1893
• SA Davis M.D. 27.00
• M. Clough
• Russell & Co. 180

Circuit Court.  Oregon Statesman October 7, 1892, pg. 3
68—S.R. Hammer, admin A.D. Risdon, vs. Caroline W. Jackson, action for money.

Marion County Circuit court Case File #5269 : Oregon State Archives
*** Basically John and Caroline were indebted to A.D. Risdon and Risdon died before they could pay off note.  This is his administrator suing basically for satisfaction.

Summons 8 July 1892
That the above named Caroline W. Jackson and her husband (then living) for a valuable consideration did on the 31^st day of Dec. 1888, make, execute and deliver to Dr. A.D. Risdon their joint and several promissory note of the amount of 111.00 gold coin.  That said note draws 10 per cent interest per annum from date of notice paid.  A copy of said not is hereto attached marked exhibit A and made a part of this complaint.  That the amount of 30.00 dollars has been paid in said note as well off by the endorsements.  That the said Dr. A.D. Risdon died on the 27^th day of November 1889.  That said John W. Jackson died on the ___ day of 189__ subsequent to the signing action and delay of said note to the said Risdon.  That the 2^nd day of December 1889, the county court of Marion County Oregon duly appointed said plaintiff administrator of said estate of said A.D. Risdon deceased and said plaintiff duly qualified and entered before him duly:
–That said deceased A.D. Risdon died intestate
–That 25 dollars is a reasonable attorney fee for this action
–that there is due and unpaid a sum of 119.15 as shown by said note
–That the defendant has often been [illegible] to pay the same but refused and neglects to do so.

Wherefore plaintiff demands judgement against said defendant for the sum of 119.15 due on said noe and for the costs disbursement of this action and attorney fees of $25.00 in said action.
Demurs by D’Arcy and Bingham.  Not state facts sufficiently.

Seth Hammer Administrator A.D. Risdon v. Caroline Jackson
I hereby certify that by virtue of a write of attachment duly issued out of the above named court on the 8^th day July AD 1892 which I am commanded to attach and safely keep all property real and personal of the Defendant above named with in said Marion County not exempt from execution or so much thereof as may be necessary to the demand of the plaintiff above named and amounting to 119 5/100 and attorney fees of 25 together with costs and disbursements I did on the 8^th day of July 1892 at the suit of said plaintiff having been unable after diligent search to find any personal property belonging to said defendant not exempt from execution duly levy upon and attach as the property of the Defendant Caroline W. Jackson all the following described real property to wit:  Beginning 13.02 chains S 34 degrees 15 minutes west….

By leaving with said Caroline W. Jackson a true copy of said writ of attachment prepared and certified to such by me as Sherriff said Carline W. Jackson being then and there the occupant and in possession of said real property and the whole thereof John Knight Sherriff of Marion County, Oregon filed Jul 9, 1892.

Oregon State Archives.  Circuit Court journal Volume 13 Page 25 93-A- 19  2/13/7/3
Seth Hr. Hammer, Administrator Estate of A.D. Risdon, deceased v. Caroline W. Jackson.  Demurer overruled – Judgement for the plaintiff.  D’Arcy & Bingham (her attorneys).  119 dollars and 25 dollars attorney fee.  Property sold to appease act.

“Administrator’s Notice of Appointment.” Weekly Oregon Statesman  April 1892 pg. 11
Caroline W. Jackson listed as administratrix

“Estates in Probate.” Oregon Statesman 06 April 1892 pg. 1
…An order was made setting apart property in the estate of John W. Jackson exempt from execution.

1895 Marion County Census
C.W. Jackson, African, Born Ohio.  5’2” 121 #, dark, Salem, farmer, Catholic, female, 49
Geo. Jackson, African, born Florida 4’ Born Florida #81 dark, Salem, Catholic, male, 13

1900 US Federal Census
Salem, Marion, Oregon
Brooks Road
Caroline Jackson, Black, 53 head, Born Oct 1844, Widowed.  O children, 0 children living, born Ohio, VA/VA.  FARMER
Harriet Woodson, 89 , Mother, born Sept 1810 Mother of 8 children, 1 still living, Virginia  (VA/VA
George C. Welch, 17, Nephew, Black, born August 1882 age 17 single.  Born Florida, Pennsylvania/Ohio
FARM Laborer

“The Affirmative Won” Oregon Statesman 22 Jan 1904 pg. 4
A series of debates is in lively progress in South Fruitland or Bethel neighborhood.  Good attendance with the great interest shown is making the meetings lively and encouraging.  The meetings are held in the Bethel school every Wednesday evening.  The question debated on the 20^th was: Resolved, That Mrs. Carrie Nation is Justifiable in her course.” The negative made a strong stand, but an able speech made by Mr. George C. Jackson carried the laurels all to the affirmative.  Salem, OR Jan 21, 1904

“A Big Turnip” Oregon Statesman 12 Nov 1904 pg. 4
Mrs. Caroline Jackson, who lives four miles east of Salem, and who brings a load of vegetables to town about twice a week, brought in yesterday a huge turnip, weighing seven and a half pounds.  The turnip was sound and perfectly shaped.

“Wives Sisters Sweethearts; They have a right to vote.” Capital Journal 02 June 1906 pg. 4
Open letter to the voters of Salem and Marion County.  Gentlemen:
In view of the fact that the Oregon Equal Suffrage association has secured by initiative petition the submission of the equal suffrage constitutional amendment to the voters at the election on June 4, we, the undersigned women of Salem, Marion County, desiring political restrictions to be removed from women so that those who wish to vote and those who do not wish to vote may enjoy equal liberty to set according to their own convictions, do respectfully and earnestly request you to vote in favor of the equal suffrage amendment….
9^th on the List under SALEM
Mrs. Caroline W. Jackson

1910 US Census
East Salem, Marion, Oregon
Caroline Jackson, Head, 65, Widow, O Children 0 children living, Ohio (OH/VA), Farmer
George, son, Male Mulatto, 26, Florida (PENN/OHIO), Farmer

Ladies Get Names on Books.  Capital Journal 19 Nov 1912 Page 5
Nearly 500 have registered and the force at the city hall is kept busy from morning to night.

The registration among the women still continues to be popular, and they may be seen in crowds going to the city hall to register.  About 500 have already recorded their names at the recorder’s office, and it is likely that about that many more will register.

An unusual incident occurred yesterday when an invalid came in a buggy, being unable to walk from the buggy to the recorder’s office, the young ladies in charge of the registration took the books out to the conveyance where the business was attended to.  Those registering yesterday are:
5^th Ward…..Mrs. Caroline W. Jackson.[Register to VOTE!!!!]

1915 Salem City Directory
Caroline W. Jackson (Widow John W.) Resides 1463 N. Winter Street.

???Delinquent Tax List.  Tillamook Headlight 11 Feb 1916
Caroline W. Jackson, lot 5, Block 29…$1.35

1917 Salem City Directory
Jackson, Caroline W (Widow John W, res 1463 N Winter
Jackson, George C, tmstr CKS Logging Co, rms 1463 N Winter

“New Church to be built here.” Oregon Statesman 26 Jan 1918 pg. 3
Gift from Mrs. Jackson enables free methodists to progress

Supplementary articles of incorporation filed in the office of the State Corporation commissioner Schulderman yesterday by the Free Methodist church of Salem, state that a new building is to be erected by the church on Market street between Summer and Winter streets.  The official name of the church, according to the supplementary articles, is the Market Street Free Methodist Church of Salem.

The new building is to be realized through a donation received from Mrs. C.W. Jackson. Conditions of the gift are that a missionary convention will be held in the new building each year as long as it is used for church purposes and that an annual collection shall be taken for foreign missionary work.  The persons whose names are attached to the articles are L.A. Marchand, E.M. Surface and W.B. Helm.

“Many Join the Navy” Oregon Statesman 13 June 1918 pg. 5
George C. Jackson of this city also departed yesterday to enlist as a mess attendant.

1920 US Federal Census
Salem, Marion, Oregon – 1463 Winter ST NE
Jackson, Caroline, Head, rented home, Mulatto, 75 widow, Ohio/Virginia/Ohio

“Churches.” Capital Journal 04 Oct 1924 pg. 5
Market Street Free Methodist Church corner of Winter and Market Street….Cottage prayer meeting each Wednesday afternoon at 2 o’clock at the home of Mrs. Caroline Jackson, 1463 North Winter Street.

1928-9 Salem City Directory
Jackson, Caroline W (wid. John W) h 1463 N Winter
Jackson Geo C Tmstr Spaulding Logging Co r 1463 N Winter

“Free Methodist.” Capital Journal 01 Dec 1928 pg. 8
Corner of Market and North Winter streets… Wednesday evening prayer meeting at the home of Mrs. Caroline Jackson, 1463 North Winter Street.

1930-31 Salem City Directory
No Caroline
Jackson, George C. tmstr Spaulding Logging Co h 1463 N Winter

“Caroline Jackson Dies of Pneumonia” Capital Journal 06 Jan 1930 pg. 8
Caroline W. Jackson died late Saturday night, January 4 at the family residence, 1463 North Winter Street, from an acute attack of pneumonia.  She was born in Jackson County, Ohio, October 26, 1844 and has lived in and around Salem since 1889.  Her husband, John W. Jackson, a school teacher here in the early days, died in 189.  One son, George C. Jackson, of Salem, and a number of relatives in Ohio and Canada survive.  Funeral services will be held on Tuesday morning 10 o’clock from the Free Methodist church, of which Mrs. Jackson was a member. Interment will be in the Hayesville Cemetery.

“Jackson” Oregon Statesman 07 Jan 1930 pg. 5
Mrs. Caroline W. Jackson, age 86, died January 4 at the residence, 1463 North Winter Street. Survived by one son, G.C. Jackson, and a number of relative sin the east and Canada.  Funeral services Tuesday, January 7 at the 10 o’clock from the Free Methodist church with interment in Hayesville cemetery. Arrangements by Clough-Taylor Company.

“Jackson Funeral Service Will be Held Here Today.” Oregon Statesman 7 Jan 1930 pg. 2
Funeral services for Mrs. Caroline W. Jackson, who died Saturday night at the home at 1463 North Winter street, will be held this morning in the Free Methodist church at 10 o’clock, with the interment to follow in the Hayesville cemetery.

Mrs. Jackson, widow of John W. Jackson, who died here 36 years ago, died following an attack of acute pneumonia which developed from neuritis.  She was 85 years old and a native of Jackson county, Iowa.  She leaves one son, George C. Jackson of Salem.

Marion County Probate Record Case No. 7500 ordered from Marion County Circuit Court Records division 2/24/2023
Inventory of Estate:
–City of Calgary Alberta Canada bond – Due Jan 1, 1933 5%  — 1000.00
–Province of British Columbia Canada Bonds Due March 5 1939 5 1/2 % –200
–Note secured by first mortgage on real estate for $1125
–Cash in Ladd & Bush 422.43
Total property appraisal $2747.43

ORDER
Caroline W. Jackson died in Salem, Marion County, Oregon on the 4^th day of January 1930, at the age of 86 years, and that at the time of her death she was, and for a long time prior had been, a resident and inhabitant of Marion County, Oregon; that said decedent left an estate consisting entirely of personal property located in Marion County, Oregon of the probable value of tour thousand five hundred dollars.  That the names, ages and residences of the legatees and devisees named in said will, are as follows, to wit:
Raymond W. Welch, Nephew, age 49, residence East Cleveland, Ohio
Woodson P. Welch, nephew, age 52 years, residence Marion, Indiana
George C. Jackson, son age 45 years, residence Salem, Oregon

That the said decedent left a will bearing date of the 4^th date of August 1923, the original of which has been propounded for probate and a copy of which is attached to said petition as Exhibit A; that at the time said will was executed, the said testatrix was 79 years of age, and was of sound and disposing mind and memory, and not under any restraint, undue influence or fraudulent misrepresentation and was in every respect competent to dispose of all her estate by her last will; that said will is in writing, signed by the testatrix and attested by two competent subscribing witnesses, to wit, B.T. Ford and L. M. Ford, residing at Salem, Oregon, who at the request of said testatrix subscribed their names to said will in her presence and in the presence of each other.

That in said will T. E. Ford and Ida H. Garrett were named as joint Executors.  That the said T.E. Ford is not now living.  That Ida E. Garrett is not now a resident of the State of Oregon, therefore, is not qualified to act.  That in said will George C. Jackson is named as residuary legatee and the main beneficiary in said will.  That he is in all respects a competent and qualified person to act as Administrator of said estate and does hereby consent to act as such with will annexed….  Signed by L.H McMahon, County Judge.

PETITION DESCRIPTION OF WILL

I give, devise and bequeath unto my nephew, Raymond W. Welch whose present address is East Cleveland, Ohio the sum of one hundred dollars

I give devise and bequeath unto my nephew Woodson P. Welch whose present address is Marion, Indiana, the sum of One hundred dollars

All the rest and residue of my property of every nature and description I give, devise and bequeath unto George C. Jackson, whose birth right name is George C. Welch.  The said George C. Jackson has lived with me since he was three years old and has always gone by the name of George C. Jackson.  The said George C. Jackson has always looked upon me as his mother.

Heirs, legatees, Devisees List:
George C. Jackson, 45, nephew
Raymond W. Welch, 49, nephew
Woodson P. Welch, 52, nephew

Residence on date of death 1463 N. Winter Street, Salem, Oregon

“Final Account Filed.” Oregon Statesman 22 Aug 1930 pg. 5
The final account in the estate of Caroline W. Jackson, deceased, was filed in county court Thursday.  George C. Jackson, administrator, reported that the appraised value of all the property was $2747.

“Mission Group to Have Convention.” Capital Journal 29 Oct 1936 pg. 13
…The annual missionary convention idea was brought out in 1919 when Mrs. Caroline W. Jackson made a financial contribution toward a new church with the stipulation that the Salem church hold such a conference each year….

WWII Draft Card
George Carlton Jackson
Born 1 Aug 1885 Jackson County, Ohio.  Farmer, Owns own farm.  Contact Ladd & Bush Banker, Salem
Negro
155 lbs.  Second finger missing below first joint on right hand. Black eyes, bald, black complexion

Untitled.  Capital Journal 09 Jul 1943 pg. 7
George C. Jackson of route 7 writes the Capital Journal to make it plain that he is not the George S. Jackson who was arrested recently on a charge of driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor.  The man who was arrested lives near Aurora.

“George Jackson” Capital Journal

“Probate Court.” Capital Journal 26 Mar 1951 pg. 5
George Jackson estate; James W. Chenoweth Appointed administrator

Salem Obituaries.  Oregon Statesman 28 Mar 1951 pg. 20
George Jackson, late resident of Aumsville, at a local hospital, March 22 at the age of 73 years.  Services will be held at 10 am Wednesday March 28 at Howell-Edwards chapel with concluding services at Hayesville Cemetery.

Death Certificate: Marion County
George Jackson
Place of Death: Salem General Hospital Salem, Marion, Oregon after 18 hour stay
Usual residence Route 6, Salem, Oregon
Date of Death: 22 March 1951.  Male, Mulatto.  Never Married
Born 1 Aug 1885
Age 65
Born Jackson County, Ohio
Father’s name: John W. Jackson, Farmer
Mother’s Name: Caroline Woodson
Farmer
WWI Veteran
Died of Acute Mycardial Infarction
Burial 3/28/1951 Hayesville Cemetery

“Probate Court” Oregon Statesman 06 May 1951 pg. 5
George Jackson estate; appraised at $1595.25; sale of personal property authorized.

Works Cited

[1] Movie Webpage: https://buffalosoldiersmovie.com/; IMDB PAGE: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt19357180/

[2] For more information about the Buffalo Soldier Units: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier.

[3] Evidence of Service:  Application Headstone US War Department form.  Application by Edward Krugar dated 12/9/1935 (Accessed via Ancestry.com) reads enlistment date June 22, 1863 and Discharge Date Sept 10 1865 and gives rank (Sergt. Major) and Regiment 5 USC Troops Infantry.  Note Krugar was a member of the Sons of Union Veterans and made it his own personal mission in the 1930s to recognize Union Veterans.  He was no relation to Jackson, but decided to apply for a military headstone to honor his service.  Documentation of Krugar’s quest — “Veterans Circle is Tended by Some who keep in Ind Service of Men Lying there.”  Oregon Statesman 19 May 1935 pg 12

And Initiative Bill for Marking Vet’s Graves.  Capital Journal 24 March 1937

See also Headstone inscription in Hayesville cemetery; Booklet: Honor Roll of the Oregon GAR (WHC Collections): John W. Jackson 5^th US Colored Troops Died 25 Feb 1892 Post #10 (Sedgewick) Salem Post; US Civil War Pension Records (Accessed via Ancestry.com); US Civil War Soldier Records and Profiles 1861-1865 (Accessed Via Ancestry.com)

[4] Note well, there were two John W. Jacksons, both who were from Ohio and both who served in union army.  Do not confuse with John W. Jackson (1842-1940) who lived in Mill City Area and was married to Mary Hastings.  See “Rites for Civil War Veteran Held” Oregon Statesman 28 Jan 1940 pg. 11.

[5] African American Civil War Monument Plaque No. A-14; US Civil War Soldier Records and Profiles 1861-1865 (Ancestry.com). Record gives enlistment date of 26 June 1863, rank change 1 December 1 1863.

[6]Stevens, Larry.  127^th Ohio Infantry/5^th U.S. Colored Troops.  http://www.ohiocivilwar.com/cw127.html;  Engagements also listed in Regimental history on Ancestry.com.  Wikipedia article on 5^th Colored Infantry

[7] Bennett Place Surrender.  American Battlefield Trust https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/bennett-place-surrender.

[8] Franklin County Ohio Marriage Records (Accessed via Ancestry.com)  John W. Jackson to Carrie Woodson marriage license granted 27 July 1870, Marriage witnessed 28 July 1870 by Daniel A. Payne, Bishop of the AME Church.

[9] 1870 US Federal Census – Chillicothe, Ross, Ohio.

[10] See 1880 US Federal Census, Berlin, Jackson, Ohio.   Caroline’s connection to Berlin Crossroads (sometimes spelled X Roads) area lies deep. 1850 and 1860 US Census list the family living at Milton, Jackson, Ohio.  Milton is the township in which Berlin Crossroads (modern name Roads) is in (see Wikipedia).  Also, her mother’s obituary (likely written or heavily influenced by Caroline) states that the family settled in Berlin Cross Roads, Ohio after her marriage in 1833  (See “Obituary of Mrs. Woodson” Oregon Statesman 29 April 1909 pg 8.

[11] Ohio History Connection. (n.d.). “Berlin Crossroads, Ohio.” In Ohio History Central. Retrieved October 26, 2023 from https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Berlin_Crossroads,_Ohio.   Text reads:

Established in Ohio during the early nineteenth century, Berlin Crossroads was a predominantly African-American community.

Located in Jackson County, Berlin Crossroads was located near the city of Jackson. Several African Americans settled in the area, with some becoming sizable landowners. Among the more famous residents of this community was Thomas Woodson, a former slave of President Thomas Jefferson. While much evidence suggests that Jefferson fathered several children with Sally Hemings, one of his slaves, it does not appear that Thomas Woodson, although he was one of Hemings’s sons, was a descendent of this liaison.

While Berlin Crossroads remained small in size during its existence, the community eventually boasted a school and church. Berlin Crossroads also was important to the Underground Railroad, with several families, including the Woodsons, opening their homes to runaway slaves. It appears that most of the runaways that passed through Berlin Crossroads entered Ohio in Gallia County. After arriving at Berlin Crossroads, conductors helped the runaways to either Chillicothe or Washington Court House. Several people speculate that two of Thomas Woodson’s sons were beaten to death for their activities on the Underground Railroad, but evidence is lacking to confirm this.

By the mid 1900s, Berlin Crossroads had lost its identity as a separate community. With whites increasingly showing African Americans tolerance, many African Americans began to find acceptance in traditionally white communities. In 1970, construction of the Appalachian Highway resulted in the destruction of much of Berlin Crossroads, including the community’s former school.

Despite the growing opposition to slavery by some whites during the early 1800s, communities, such as Berlin Crossroads, illustrate the prejudice that existed in Ohio during the years before the American Civil War. Ohio was a state that did not allow slavery. Nevertheless, that did not mean that whites were open to granting African Americans equal rights. Free blacks found that it was difficult to get fair treatment, and they often formed their own communities away from whites for protection.

[12] Stevens, Joann. “The District’s Woodson Family: A History of Pride, Patriotism and Determination. Washington Post, 1 Dec 1977; Also “Appendix K: Assessment of Thomas C. Woodson Connection to Sally Hemings.  Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemmings” Monticello.  Thomas Jefferson Foundation.; Also Setlock, Joelene McDonald.  “Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: When Oral traditions, DNA, and corroborating evidence collide.”  The Looking Glass.  Ohio University.  Volume 1.

[13] Setlock, Joelene McDonald.  “Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: When Oral traditions, DNA, and corroborating evidence collide.”  The Looking Glass.  Ohio University.  Volume 1.

[14] “Thomas Woodson.” California National Historic Trail.  National Park Service https://www.nps.gov/people/thomas-woodson.htm.  Contains link to Map now at the Library of Congress.  Library of Congress Map digital access: Map of the emigrant road from Independence Mo. to St. Francisco, California | Library of Congress (loc.gov).

[15] “Berlin Crossroads, Ohio.” OhioHIstoryCentral.org

[16] Wilberforce University, About us Page: https://wilberforce.edu/about-wilberforce/

[17] Endorsement The Jackson Standard 13 July 1882 pg 3

[18] “Lewis Woodson” Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Woodson

[19] “Sarah Jane Woodson Early.” Wikipedia

[20] Quasi-sourced biography by Beverly Gray posted on Find-a-grave Rev Thomas Woodson II (1812-1846) – Find a Grave Memorial.

[21] There is an obscure mention in Caroline Jackson’s obituary that “Her husband, John W. Jackson, a school teacher here in the early days…”  I could find no corroboration of this very random factoid.  But, if true, would go a long ways to explaining why they chose Salem, Oregon and why John was a faithful subscriber to a Salem paper even while living in Ohio. “Caroline Jackson Dies of Pneumonia” Capital Journal 06 Jan 1930 pg. 8

[22] “Coming to Oregon.” Oregon Statesman 13 April 1886 pg. 3; This office is in receipt of a postal card from J.W. Jackson, of Berlin X Roads, Jackson county, Ohio, who has been a reader of the Statesman for some time, which says: “Please stop sending my paper here; I am coming to Oregon.”

“Personal” Oregon Statesman 17 April 1886 pg. 3. J.W. Jackson has arrived in the city from Berlin X Roads, Ohio, and will make his home in Salem. He is the gentleman the STATESMAN spoke of a few days ago, as being on the way.  Hope he may meet a hearty welcome in his new home.

[23] Harriet Woodson Appears in the  1900 US Federal Census with the family.  Her obituary (“Obituary of Mrs. Woodson.” Oregon Statesman 29 April 1909 pg 8) states that she lived at her Ohio homestead until she came west with her daughter in 1886.   George is mentioned in the 1900 US Federal Census as George Welch and named as a nephew.  He soon takes the surname Jackson.  See 1910 US Census. In Caroline’s probate records, her will describes George as “All the rest and residue of my property of every nature and description I give, devise and bequeath unto George C. Jackson, whose birth right name is George C. Welch.  The said George C. Jackson has lived with me since he was three years old and has always gone by the name of George C. Jackson.  The said George C. Jackson has always looked upon me as his mother.”.  See Marion County Probate Case Files, 7500.  Marion County Circuit Court Records.

[24] Marion County Deed Book (via FamilySearch) Deed Marion County Deed Volume 34, page 700

[25] ““Died.” Oregon Statesman 26 Feb 1892 pg. 4; “Macadamizing the Roads.” Oregon Statesman 18 Jan 1890 pg. 4

[26] Oregon Black Pioneers.  Perseverance. 2011 pp 94-98;  Hayesville Notes. Capital Journal 11 Dec 1889 pg. 1

[27] Oregon State Archives.  Marion County Probate Case File #1331.  90A-6, Box 76 folder 36

[28] “Died.” Oregon Statesman 26 Feb 1892 pg. 4

[29] Sale of farm Marion County Deed Books show sale of the Hayesville property to Horace Holden in August 1900, with the stipulation that she could stay on the farm and harvest all planted crops until 1901. Marion County Deed Book 76, page 20

[30] See various land transactions and mortgage documentation and compare to modern Marion County Assessor’s Maps.  Marion County Deed Book 73 page 639; Marion County Deed Book 155 page 35; Mortgage Record Book Marion County Oregon Volume 62 page 425; Deed Record:  Volume 123 page 27 Marion County

[31] “A Big Turnip” Oregon Statesman 12 Nov 1904 pg. 4

[32] “Wives Sisters Sweethearts;  They have a right to vote.” Capital Journal 02 June 1906 pg. 4

[33] “Died” Oregon Statesman 25 Apr 1909 pg. 4

[34] Ladies Get Names on Books.  Capital Journal 19 Nov 1912 pg. 5

[35] “The Affirmative Won” Oregon Statesman 22 Jan 1904 pg. 4

[36] “Died” Oregon Statesman 25 Apr 1909 pg. 4; “Obituary of Mrs. Woodson.” Oregon Statesman 29 April 1909 pg. 8; “Funeral Services” Capital Journal 30 April 1909 pg. 8

[37] Deed Record:  Volume 123-page 27 Marion County  recorded 1912 Signed 1911

[38] Marion County Assessor’s Records.  Also, visual assessment of architectural style of home.  See also 1915 Salem City Directory; 1917 Salem City Directory; 1920 US Federal Census

[39] “New Church to be built here.” Oregon Statesman 26 Jan 1918 pg. 3

[40] See “Churches.” Capital Journal 04 Oct 1924 pg. 5; “Free Methodist.” Capital Journal 01 Dec 1928 pg. 8

[41] “Many Join the Navy” Oregon Statesman 13 June 1918 pg. 5;

Death Certificate, Marion County – lists WWI Veteran.

[42] “African American Sailors in the US Navy: A Chronology.” Naval History and Heritage Command

[43] Definition.  Merriam Webster

[44] 1920 US Federal Census; 1928-9 Salem City Directory

[45] “Caroline Jackson Dies of Pneumonia” Capital Journal 06 Jan 1930 pg. 8

[46] Death Certificate: Marion County George Jackson